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In the early weeks of the lockdown in Canada, many of us spent much of our free time on video calls with our loved ones, those who lived both near and far. While these calls offered us an opportunity to reconnect with friends and family that we had fallen out of touch with, it wasn’t long before our team noticed a familiar pattern in many of our discussions. Almost invariably, the conversation would turn towards the cause of the pandemic and what exactly we should be doing to stay safe.
Much of what we would hear reflected the exact narratives we were tracking in our online misinformation dashboards.
In February 2020, our team began to track COVID-19 misinformation and had started to identify some of the major narratives that were unfolding in public forums online. We were struck by the magnitude of the threat that the emerging infodemic posed to the health and safety of communities in Canada and across the globe. We knew that we had to respond fast. We were inspired not only by how this information was shaping the world around us, but its impact on our own lives.
In response, we rapidly prototyped a digital quiz-style platform in March 2020 that tests peoples’ knowledge of common COVID-19 misinformation narratives, and deployed it in more than 30 countries across the world. The engagement that we received on this platform was seven times greater than any other DPS platforms we had ever produced; indicating an overwhelming demand for accurate information on COVID-19.
But effective inoculation against misinformation isn't just about stating the facts. Just like other public health services, inoculations against misinformation are more effective when they are widely adopted, meaning that communities are only as resilient to the harms of misinformation as their most vulnerable members. As a result, increasing our collective resilience to these harmful narratives first requires an understanding of who is most at-risk.
To better understand the risk factors that make some people more susceptible to COVID-19 misinformation than others, our team conducted a nation-wide vulnerability assessment. Our goal was to use the results of this survey to inform strategies for reaching high-risk groups with critical information they need to keep themselves, their friends, and families healthy.
The results of our assessment confirmed that people with higher levels of trust in traditional institutions are more likely to have more accurate knowledge about COVID-19, whereas people who place greater trust in social media, regular people, and local businesses are likely to have less accurate knowledge of COVID-19. In addition, we found that people who share more information on social media, consume greater amounts of political news, and express higher levels of grievance are most likely to be susceptible to COVID-19 misinformation.
With these results in hand, our team scaled-up the prototype we released in March and created a more gamified experience called It’s Contagious. First launched in Canada, Its Contagious has been played by more than 180,000 Canadians who have collectively evaluated more than 2.11 million claims related to COVID-19 – and counting.
However, our goal was not just to help people sift through fact and fiction related to COVID-19, but to create a tool that is proven to be effective in fighting against the impacts of the COVID-19 infodemic. Before launching Its Contagious, we collected data from more than 19,000 Canadians who engaged with a non-gamified version of the content used in Its Contagious to establish a baseline for peoples’ emotional reaction to corrective information and their policy preferences.
Compared to baseline levels, people who played Its Contagious were more likely to say that they felt happy or anxious when presented with corrective information about COVID-19 misinformation narratives, and less likely to feel angry or skeptical. Emotional reactions to information are an important part of effective inoculation – our results show that people who feel happy or anxious about corrective information, as opposed to angry or skeptical, are more likely to approve of public health measures, such as mandatory mask wearing, and express higher likelihood of taking the COVID-19 vaccine when it becomes available.
Through gamification, we create a more user-driven, interactive environment for people to explore information in a way that incentivizes learning. The results from Its Contagious show that this environment is more conducive to evoking positive emotions when players are presented with new or corrective information – a critical step towards building resilience to misinformation.
Based on the encouraging results from the launch of Its Contagious, we have since designed and distributed a version of the product for an American audience. In the early weeks of the game’s launch in the United States, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to measure whether the game is producing similar effects. The results show that compared to a control group who did not receive gamified content, the people who played Its Contagious demonstrated better retention of corrective information.
For many, COVID-19 has been a wake-up call to the dangers of misinformation. While it is common for major world events to trigger an onslaught of rumours, opinions, and myths, the scale and speed of COVID-19 misinformation and its tangible impact on communities around the world is unprecedented. The true cost of COVID-19 misinformation will remain unclear until well after the pandemic is over - but we cannot wait to start designing innovative inoculation strategies that could be the difference between life and death for people around the world.
The results of our work on COVID-19 have taught us how to design effective digital experiences that help to correct misconceptions and understand support for life-saving public health practises. But the battle is not over. As the pandemic continues, the body of COVID-19 misinformation on the Internet continues to grow and change shape over time as new narratives emerge. Our team is working to track these changes and create dynamic inoculation strategies that evolve alongside the needs of communities.
There has never been a more pressing time to invest in new strategies for countering misinformation. We hope that our success with COVID-19 can provide valuable insight and inspiration to public health officials, government, industry leaders, and citizens everywhere to think critically about protecting our communities from the harmful effects of misinformation.